How Mass Media Affects Youth Culture

â€Å"Educators are challenged more seriously than ever before to teach young people to evaluate media more critically and to grow in taste and discrimination as they use media in school and at home. † What is it like to grow up in today's world? How are children and young adults affected by the movies and television programs they see, the radio programs and recordings they hear, the newspapers, magazines, and books they read? Modern technology has made possible a wealth of shared experience undreamed of even 50 years ago. This environment reflects fully, though sometimes in a warped fashion, life itself  including good and evil, beauty and ugliness, charity and violence. It is difficult or impossible to shield young people from experiences reflect ing the adult world when communications sys tems infiltrate our homes and become so much a part of everyday living. The concerns of thoughtful adults as to the possible effects of media on young and old citi zens range from the mo re obvious ones to those more subtle. There are fears as to the content of media: violence, lawlessness, breakdown in moral values, and tawdry and explicit sex, for example. There are other fears as to the general effect of a  television-dominated society in which viewers tend to be passive and nonassertive, young people have little time for other experiences, and parents use television as a â€Å"safe† baby-sitter.A proper assessment of the influence of mass media on young people continues to be one of the significant challenges to educators and parents today. Research in this area invariably reveals the difficulties in arriving at sound conclusions due to the complexity of causal relationships. One critic has questioned the findings of all experi mental research in this area because of the impossibility of ever having a defensible control group. The influence of mass media on adults is closely related to their influence on young peo ple, and just as difficult to study. Th e positive values in today's mass media are also significant.Young people today, without leaving home, can hear the world's best music and witness superb musical performances, see outstanding drama and dance programs, hear EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP political and governmental leaders of the nation and the world analyze major issues of the day, and learn of scientific advances and problems. Mass media bring information, inspiration, and  enrichment that potentially improve the quality of our living. Nicolas Johnson, formerly of the Federal Communications Commission, has studied the media environment for many years.In 1971, he concluded that television is â€Å"the single most powerful intellectual, social, cultural, and political force in history. † He also found that most Amer ican families use television as â€Å"the major source of knowledge and values. † Dorothy Broderick, a library educator, has written that media do much more than provide information. She says, â₠¬Å". . . they do have an im pact and influence upon behavior and attitude  formation, even though it is still impossible to isolate in research the precise nature of such influence. â€Å"Access to Television Has Increased While all forms of communication affect learning and living, the influence of television seems most challenging. Television most nearly represents real experience and is clearly a part of the environment of most young people in the United States. Access to television has increased remark ably. Breslin and Marino reported that while less than one percent of all American families owned television sets in 1948, by 1976, 98 percent of  American homes had at least one television set, and 25 percent had two or more.The facts about usage of these sets encourage serious consideration of television's influence. The average child in this country will have used 22,000 hours in viewing television by the time he or she enters high school. Gerbner and Gross re ported that nearly half of the 12-year-olds stud ied averaged six or more hours a day viewing television.Summarizing research on the impact of television, George Comstock wrote in 1975 that children typically view television for several years before entering first grade, that the time spent  with television increases during elementary school years, and that young black people, those from lower socioeconomic levels, and those lower in â€Å"While all forms of communication affect learning and living, the influence of television seems most challenging. † Photo: Michael D. Sullivan academic achievement and I. Q. spend more time viewing television than do other young people. In 1971, it was reported in B roadcasting Yearbook that the average TV set was on six hours a day in the United States. The number of viewers using each set during these hours was not determined.Wilbur Schramm reported in 1965 that by the sixth grade children spend 79 percent of their viewing time watching adult progra ms. Many adults are known to spend time viewing cartoons and adventure programs intended for children. To determine the experience that children or young adults have through television, one must con sider the whole range of television programs, in cluding those intended chiefly for adults: news shows, comedies, variety shows, cartoons, motion pictures, documentaries, serious drama, sports events, music, advertisements, and other types shown on commercial, public, and political pro  grams.The current concern about effects of violence and crime as depicted on television was highAPRIL 1978 527 reality and fantasy, use of violence to sell prod ucts, and censorship. † Dr. Richard E. Palmer, a president of the American Medical Association, has said that tele vision violence is â€Å"a mental health problem and an environmental issue. † He feels that large ex posure to violent content may distort a child's perceptions of the real world and adversely affect his psychological development. Action for Children's Television (ACT) is a national citizens' organization to upgrade the  quality of children's T. V.In 1976, among their â€Å"Bent Antennae Awards† were the â€Å"Getting Away with Murder Award† to broadcasters who use violence to attract child viewers and the â€Å"Nero Fiddles While Rome Burns Award† to broadcasters who talk about the need to reduce TV violence while continuing to air brutal and sadistic programs. While there is serious concern about the in fluence of television on young people, there is much controversy over what to do about it. One person with a plan for action is Richard E. Wiley, who, as Chairman of the Federal Communica tions Commission (FCC), spoke to the National  Association of Secondary School Principals in 1976.Wiley rejected the idea that a high level of TV violence can be justified because it presents a realistic view of the world. He said, â€Å"Few, if any, of our citizens in the real world w ill be ex posed to the levels of violence comparable to those which appear on television almost every week. † Wiley feels that specific governmental regu lations in this â€Å"highly sensitive First Amendment Citizens Demonstrate Concern Area† would not be desirable. Instead, he sug that the FCC â€Å". . . can play a constructive While research goes on, many citizens have gests  and more appropriate role at this point by focus recently demonstrated their concerns.The Na ing increased industry attention on the issue and tional P. T. A. ‘s Television Commission has held a by encouraging the consideration of self-regula series of eight regional â€Å"hearings† on â€Å"Television tory reforms. † and Violence† that encouraged parents and teach as well as ers to consider seriously the content usage of television. Based on these hearings, in Family Viewing Plan which 505 persons testified, the Commission has The â€Å"Family Viewing Plan† is an example of warned that concerned citizens may propose eco  nomic boycott of TV products advertised on the type of self-regulation suggested.The three shows that feature violence. Other concerns were major networks and The Television Code Board â€Å"stereotyping both by race and sex, inferior role of The National Association of Broadcasters models for youth, reduced discrimination between adopted the plan to set aside the first three hours lighted recently in the trial in Miami, Florida, of 15-year-old Ronney Zamora, accused of robbing and killing his 82-year-old neighbor. The defense attorney presented the unusual defense that the  boy is innocent because his addiction to television violence has caused insanity.How may violence on television affect young people? What should be done about it in a coun try that believes in freedom of communication and the rights of its citizens to the free flow of information and ideas? Based on years of research, Albert Bandura has conclu ded that â€Å"children can and do acquire new response patterns through observation and imitation, without the need for external reinforce ment or even rehearsal or practice. † The SurgeonGeneral's Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior supported the view that â€Å"†¦Ã‚  a steady stream of brutality on television can have a powerful adverse effect on our society and particularly on children.†This report represents a significant effort to discover the effect television has on children today. Thoughtful researchers have raised such questions as these: Are young people who are unusually attracted by the violence and aggres sion on television generally abnormally aggressive personalities themselves? Is it only those young people who are disordered themselves who tend to imitate or â€Å"act out† the violent acts depicted on television?Does the content of television ser  iously affect young people s perceptions of the world they live in, its ch allenges, satisfactions, problems, and values? 528 EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP (6 to 9 p. m. ) of evening prime time' for material suitable for the entire family to view together. Wiley feels that his recommendation of such a plan, as Chairman of FCC, does not constitute governmental censorship, since he was only rec ommending voluntary action and making sugges tions for program improvement.He feels the new policy encourages those involved in the industry to develop exciting and worthwhile programs  Ã¢â‚¬Å"without the needless concomitant of violent and sexual excess. † Wiley's speech was criticized by many in his audience, among them Joseph F. Lagana, Super intendent of Northgate School District, Pitts burgh, Pennsylvania and George lannacone, Su perintendent of Vernon Township Public Schools, Vernon, New Jersey. They wrote â€Å"an opposing view† that was published in NASSP Bulletin, January 1977. They felt that the position of the FCC and the Family Viewing Plan â€Å" are not com patible with the social conditions of our modern society, fragmented families and institutions, and  the post-industrial youth culture.† They said that the Family Viewing Plan inaccurately assesses the status of parent-child relationships so that it will have little impact on our â€Å"youth viewing popula tion. † Lagana and lannacone suggest that most par ents are not aware that the Family Viewing Plan exists. They feel that it is erroneous to assume adults can or want to regulate or monitor tele vision viewing for their children and that parent and youth viewing patterns are often incompat ible because of different interests and schedules and the accessibility of several television sets in  and outside the home. More fundamentally, they challenge Wiley's concept of the role of the FCC as â€Å"socially irre sponsible† because they feel the FCC â€Å"is the reg ulating arm of our government. â€Å"It is their recom mendation that the FCC develo p â€Å"a television council composed of educators, legislators, and behavioral scientists to create programs that are compatible with healthy human growth and de velopment. † In monitoring television programs beyond the Family Viewing Plan, the FCC is seen as a facilitator and moderator and not as a con trolling agency. The National Citizens Committee for Broad  casting ranked programs according to content of violence. As might be expected the â€Å"cops and robbers,† â€Å"private eye,† and action-packed shows ranked very high.But, surprisingly, â€Å"The Won derful World of Disney† ranked fairly high (more violent than â€Å"The Blue Knight† series) and â€Å"Donny and Marie† was around the middle of the scale, more violent than â€Å"Happy Days,† â€Å"Executive Suite,† or â€Å"Maude. † A Gallup poll found that 71 percent of the public in the United States think television is too violent, yet many of the most viol ent programs continue to draw the largest number of viewers.The National Observer reported, â€Å"A lot of peo ple seem to be having it both ways . . . deploring it to the pollsters and enjoying it at home. Most of them will have to turn off TV's gun-play be fore the networks will consider disarmament. † Meanwhile, back to the schools. Clearly, they cannot control the total environment of students. Educators are challenged more seriously than ever before to teach young people to evaluate media more critically and to grow in taste and discrimi nation as they use media in school and at home. The media specialists in the schools should be valuable partners in this endeavor. JTi.

Dv Table of Maestro

Setting Idea/s – Conveys the impression that Darwin is a place where people who don’t fit in come together| Topic sentence/s – the distinctively visual setting in Maestro assists in representing/capturing the identity of Darwin of the 1960’s. | Evidence| Techniques| Effect| After a difficult days work at the hospital not long after arriving in Darwin, Paul’s father remarks rather irately that â€Å"All the drifters†, the misfits†, â€Å"All the scum in the country has somehow risen to this one town† (p. )| Metaphors, adjectives| Irritation is emitted by the use of metaphors and adjectives. | Paul’s initial observations of Darwin as he moved there is that â€Å"I loved the town of booze and blow at first sight. And above all its smell: those hot, steamy perfumes that wrapped about me as we stepped off the plane†¦ Moist, compost air. Sweet? and? sour air†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 9)| Metaphors, oxymoron, adjectives, alliterati on, imagery| | As Paul got used to the surrounding of Darwin, he describes that â€Å"Everything grew larger than life in the steamy hothouse of Darwin, and the people were no exception. (p. 11) | Metaphors, descriptive language| | Paul explains the people in Darwin that â€Å"They sought forgetfulness, not remembrance†¦A town populated by men who had run as far as they could flee. † (p. 17)| Descriptive language, similes, metaphors| | Characters Idea/s – the protagonist, Paul, shows his immaturity through is behaviour | Topic sentence/s –the immaturity of some characters can be shown through the distinctively visual techniques used. | Evidence/quotes| Techniques| Effect| I was child enough – self centred enough – to think it likely. (p. ) (Paul reminisces about his thoughts on Keller when he was fifteen) | | | Apart from the piano they had little in common. When I think of my parents, I see only polarities. (p. 15)(Paul’s views of his parents)| | | I performed†¦basking in an older, more adult acceptance that should have more than compensated for my own age group’s rejection. (p. 29)| | | I redoubled my efforts to defy the theory of limits and approach ever more closely – and finally grasp – the ideal I was sure he felt me incapable of reaching. (p. 32)(Paul’s urge to prove Keller wrong)| | | One voice was always missing from the chorus of praise: my teacher’s. p. 35)| | | I felt strangely empty, deflated. Nothing worthwhile was ever achieved so easily, a small voice – perhaps my father’s, perhaps Keller’s – nagged deeply inside. (P. 91)| | | Idea/s – Keller’s advices that he is giving to Paul to help try to make him grow| Topic Sentence/s – | Evidence/quotes| Techniques| Effect| You are spoilt†¦First you must learn to listen. (P. 12)| | | You must know when to move on. To search too long for perfection can also paralyse . (P. 31)| | | Perhaps there can be no perfection. Only levels of imperfection. (p. 31) (Keller’s advice to Paul signalling that there is no such thing as being perfect. | | | I suspected I was glimpsing some part of him that had long been repressed: some frivolous, joyous core that hardship, childhood tragedy and the War had buried inside him too long. (P. 42)| | | The forgery must have taken many times longer than the original†¦It was technically better†¦And yet something was missing. Not much – but something. (p. 46) (One of Keller’s sayings, but said in a manner of little regard to everyone else around him. )| | | Events Idea/s – | Topic sentence/s – | Evidence/quotes| Techniques| Effect| I felt strangely empty, deflated.Nothing worthwhile was ever achieved so easily, a small voice – perhaps my father’s, perhaps Keller’s – nagged deeply inside. (p. 91) (Paul’s emotions after he had won the music comp etition with his band. )| | | Only now can I recognize the scene for what it was: a confessional, a privilege that I, through selfishness and sensual addiction, failed to accept. (P. 117)| | | Honourable mention became the story of my life, no matter how much I practiced. I had found my level†¦ (p. 128)| | | Soon I would be flying back to the South: to the woman and child that I loved, within the confines of a life that I hated. (P. 149)| | |

Argumentative Fallacy Vs. Straw

The great privilege of United States of America is the people of the country have the right to equality. Clayborne Carson an author of the argumentative essay â€Å"Two Cheers for Brown vs. Board of Education†. Born in Buffalo, New York; he is an educated scholar who specializes in African American and civil rights history. Carson’s essay is summarizes how Brown affected the outcome of desegregation in public schools. Brown is a Supreme Court decision that ruled public schools to allow African American†¦ A Straw man argument is a version of an argument then is easier to attack. Just as a man made of straw is a less solid version then a man made a flesh, a Straw man argument is a less solid version of a fully fleshed out argument. A straw man replaces or represents what ever actual argument is being made. The Straw man argument can come in many forms and some time is not even intional. People may accidental construct and Straw man argument if they don 't fully understand the depth of the subject or†¦ me. Not simply taking my breath away, but that feeling you get when you get punched in the stomach. That pain that keeps on coming. This was coupled with an intense ringing in my ears and tunnel vision. I felt like I was looking down the end of a straw. I seriously thought I was going to die. I had no idea what had just happened. All I could think about is whether my limbs we still intact. Ten minutes before that I had pulled the charge out of my back pack and mounted it to the wall. I was excited†¦ Mrs. Krumsiek English 101 30 November 2016 Argumentative essay We now live in a society where superheroes can be considered role models. Superheroes have escalated throughout the years, not only through comics, but through billion dollar movies like â€Å"Captain America: Civil War† and â€Å"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice†. They 're everywhere now from movies to shows, comic books, kids’ lunch boxes and backpacks. As humans we are sort obsessed with the superhero concept. We tend to look up to†¦ Logical fallacies are basically common errors. Everyone single person every day makes a common error. The logical fallacies that I will be discussing are the sunk cost fallacy, slippery slope fallacy, hasty generalization fallacy, post hoc ergo propter hoc, ad hominem, red herring, and the straw man fallacy. It happens to everyone of us, even though we may not even realize it sometimes. Sunk cost fallacy is getting into something and not wanting to get out of it because you may have put a lot of†¦ Straw Into Gold Analysis Many people in today’s society have become whom they are because of how they grew up. Many have been shaped into who they are because of their culture, their upbringing, or their families. In Sandra Cisneros’s story, â€Å"Straw Into Gold†, she uses allusion, imagery, and irony to strongly depict how much of her life has truly shaped her into the writer she is today. In using these three rhetorical devices, she creates a better understanding of the impact her childhood†¦ Argumentative Essay The function of an argumentative essay is to show that your assertion (opinion, theory, and hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others'. The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. Many people might think that if one simply has an opinion, one can argue it successfully, and these folks are always surprised when others don't agree with them because their logic seems so correct. Argumentative writing is the act of forming†¦ Master List of Logical Fallacies Fallacies are fake or deceptive arguments, arguments that prove nothing. Fallacies often seem superficially sound, and far too often have immense persuasive power, even after being clearly exposed as false. Fallacies are not always deliberate, but a good scholar’s purpose is always to identify and unmask fallacies in arguments. Ad Hominem Argument: Also, "personal attack," "poisoning the well." The fallacy of attempting to refute an argument†¦ Argumentative Strategies of Plato vs. Aristophanes In Aristophanes’ â€Å"Clouds† and Plato’s â€Å"Apology† Socrates is satirically attacked and rationally defended respectively. The two argumentative styles of Aristophanes and Plato are on opposite sides of the spectrum. Aristophanes utilizes satire and humorous exaggerations of sophist teachings to denounce Socrates. Alternatively, Plato’s â€Å"Apology† uses logic and reason in order to defend himself against the charges brought against him. Both writings†¦ Sample Argumentative Essay Skills vs. Knowledge in Education Jonan Donaldson Introduction Main Idea One: The Other Side – Learning Information is needed for tests a) Tests are the best way to compare students b) Tests measure if you understand something c) Not all students can have the same skills, but all can have the same knowledge Main Idea Two: My Side 1 – Education is about understanding a) Knowledge is limited, but imagination encircles the world (creativity)†¦

School districts mission statements Research Paper

School districts mission statements - Research Paper Example Goals and objectives are important in complementing the process of achieving the vision of a company. Goals and objectives are important tools that are used in enabling an organisation to execute its mission statements effectively. In this regard, goals and objectives in an organisation should be in tandem with the particular mission statements. A school is an institution where learning takes place in order to transform the minds of learners towards setting and achieving their goals in life. Goals and objectives in school should focus on the values that a school impacts on the lives of learners in the process of executing their functions. In any country, a school is expected to make available quality education while at the same time, create and maintain suitable standards upon which the educational goals and objectives are to be met. These are the standards upon which a school is deemed effective or not; schools that perform excellently with proper standards are those that have clearly defined mission and vision statements with suitable approaches in achieving their goals and objectives (Carter & Roebuck 2006). â€Å"Jackson County Schools will provide excellent educational opportunities for ALL students in a safe and orderly environment that fosters respect, trust, honesty and responsibility† (Jackson county School 2014). In this school, the mission and vision statements seem to be clearly in line with the student learning and achievement. It has dedicated itself to putting up structures and systems to enable it achieve these priories; to this effect, it has established manageable goals that it intends to use to achieve its mission and vision statements. The data profile of the school is expansive, showing various activities and functions that the school is involved in its academic calendar. The data profile contains among other things the students learning calendar and timetable, activities to take place during that time, as well ways by which parents can

The End of Ramstable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

The End of Ramstable - Essay Example The proposed project entitled â€Å"The End of Ramstable† is aimed to mark the end of the old Ramstable theatre with festivity and entertainment that embodied the theatre in its 120 years of existence. The Ramstable Festival Week beginning on August 20 until August 26, 2012 shall be a festivity of Ramstable’s heritage of giving entertainment and delight among its countless patrons for 120 years through music, plays and community engagement. While the proponent intends to make the Festival Week as memorable and as grand as possible, the proponents will not lose sight of the importance of making the endeavour economically viable that will enable the Festival to be successful. There are three aspects of the entertainment component of the project. One of these is Ramstable’s reaffirmation of its commitment to Ramstable community which is its host and patron. To serve this end, one of the highlights of the Festivity Week is the hosting of the Ramstable Theatre to the Finale of the various school’s rendition of â€Å"What the Dickens† to commemorate the 200th birth anniversary of famous Kentish author Charles Dickens. In addition to Ramstable support to the academe, the theatre will also show its commitment to the community by hosting the talent contest â€Å"Ramstable Got Talent† which will run from August 21 to 25 of 2012. Ramstable will commemorate its 120 years of heritage by showing theatre performances in the evening of August 21 to 26 through music and various performances that stretches back in time up to the present. The performances are also designed to include the theatre interest of Ramstable community as the shows will cater to children, parents, men, women, teenager through the careful selection of the artists and genre that will be performed. The artists chosen to perform during the evenings of August 21 to 25 are popular mainstream artists who are proven to provide entertainment of high calibre. Their talent f ees may be hefty but through careful planning and implementation of creative marketing implements, the shows will not only prove to be economically viable but profitable as well. The project proponents believe that Ramstable Theatre has earned enough goodwill through its 120 years of providing entertainment among its countless patrons that will merit its patrons to sponsor the shows. Such, the proponents will capitalise on this goodwill to ensure the viability and profitability of the Festival despite it being intended to be grand. The Festival Week’s viability and profitability can be achieved in two ways. First is through the traditional revenue derived from the ticket sales. Revenue can also be generated by expanding marketing activity through sponsorships and selling of refreshments during the show. Securing sponsors for the show is very doable because the Theatre had enough goodwill from

Henry David Thoreau, Where I Lived and What I Lived For Essay

Henry David Thoreau, Where I Lived and What I Lived For - Essay Example â€Å"The millions are awake enough for physical labor; but only one in a million is awake enough for effective intellectual exertion, only one in a hundred millions to a poetic or divine life.† According to Thoreau, life has become so busy with the rushing railroad and the preoccupation with commerce and other such non-essential aspects of life that the average man has completely lost sight of his own worth and the true realities of life. In detailing the costs associated with building his home, including such notes as the use of refuse shingles for the roof and sides and the purchase of two second hand windows, he rails against the inflated prices and costs of living found within the town or city as a part of the capitalistic process. â€Å"I thus found that the student who wishes for a shelter can obtain one for a lifetime at an expense not greater than the rent which he now pays annually.† Having rejected the concept of ownership in the form of deeds and fences as well as condemned the process of ownership in which prices become inflated well higher than they had to be, Thoreau then moves to describe the false impressions of living space to which most people in the commercial world seem to cling. Recognizing the smallness of his home, Thoreau first indicates the unnecessary extravagance of the homes of others: â€Å"Many of our houses, both public and private, with their almost innumerable apartments, thei r huge halls and their cellars for the storage of wines and other munitions of peace, appear to be extravagantly large for their inhabitants.  Ã‚  They are so vast and magnificent that the latter seem to be only vermin which infest them.† However, he also begins to indicate how the appropriate living space isn’t just the empty rooms and built spaces of human creation, but should include the shared spaces of the outdoors, the connection with nature and the

Manging People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Manging People - Essay Example It depends upon the manager/ leader how he manages people. Most of the businesses now structure their employees in group and every group has a manager and in more general terms leader. Every group is given a project or a task which is to be accomplished. It is the responsibility of the manager that the project is completed before the deadline and the group is functioning smoothly. Thus the companies' owner or the people who appoint manager should keep several things in mind like the organizational skills of a person, his temperament and his communication skills. To evaluate the best choice amongst candidates the interviewers should conduct a detailed interview. Observation skills can be very helpful in determining the right choice thus the owner should appoint a manager on temporary bases and after the manger proves himself he should be made permanent. Another way of determining if the person appointed is capable is by having discussions with team members under that manager. The owner should ask team members if they are facing any kind of difficulties because of the manger. Thus after thorough evaluation it becomes quite obvious if the person chosen for the job is capable or not. Choosing the right person is so essential that if this decision is made wrong the overall performance of the company can get affected. Characteristics of an Ideal Manager Every characteristic which proves to create solidarity and harmony amongst the team members is an important characteristic. The manager should even have qualities which would enhance motivation and honesty of the team members towards the job and the team members. If a manager is very criticizing or points out tiny mistakes of his team members the effect of it would be that the employee would develop hatred for his manager. Thus instead of discussing projects with manger the team member would start hiding work. Another thing is that if a manger responds brusquely to questions and interruptions the team members would eventually leave you alone. They will not raise problems, they will not question your instructions, and they will struggle on bravely. Your behavior may result in a swamp of errors, unguided activity and absolute dissatisfaction. Then there is motivation a manager should be highly motivating he should have the quality to praise good work and should be habitual of highlighting god work of employees. A manger should always be their to support, encourage and help his team members. These qualities always give a team member an effect that the manager is his friend more then his boss thus loyalty towards work increases. Then there is setting targets a manger should have the capability of setting standards that is dividing a major task into sub tasks. The criterion on which a manger assigns these tasks is very important a manager should be aware of every team member's abilities hence if a manger assigns jobs according to personal capabilities the result would be very effective, quality of the job would be remarkable and all team members would feel satisfied with their jobs. Then there is advancements if a team members is working very hard and still getting no promotion he might get clumsy and the spirit of working would die therefore a

Some of the important aspects of the software project management Essay

Some of the important aspects of the software project management - Essay Example The paper tells that a software development process or project is initiated to achieve some specific objectives for instance development of a software application to improve the performance of an organization or building a software application to meet users’ requirements. Nowadays, software development firms complete software development processes in the form of projects, which are effectively controlled and managed through an appropriate method acknowledged as software project management. Basically, the process of software project management involves a variety of tasks which are closely connected with each other. And the success or failure of one task can have a significant influence on other tasks. In this scenario, software project management is a systematic method for managing, controlling and setting up project tasks and resources from its beginning to completion. In addition, these resources and tasks can be divided into different stages depending on the size of a projec t. These stages could be initiation, planning, executing, controlling, and completion or termination of the project. In reality, this standard method of the project management can be used to manage any kind of project, because its fundamental goal is to organize the different tasks of project development. On the other hand, the emergence of the latest tools and technologies to manage software projects has not only changed the traditional software development practices but as well modernized them to make them more efficient. These tools allow us for rapid data processing, quick and automated project planning, digital cost planning and estimation, and so on (Project Shrink Publishing, 2012; Hughes & Cotterell, 2005). This report will present a detailed analysis of some of the important aspects of the software project management. We will divide this discussion into two sections. In the first section we will discuss the use of planning tools (software products to help managers develop W BS, NW diagrams, cost/effort/time estimation, etc.) for software project management. In the second section, we will offer an analysis of the cost estimation techniques. Introduction to Software Project Management Software project management is a kind of plan administration that pays attention especially on developing and organizing software projects. Simply like there are billions of ice cream tastes, there are billions of kinds of software systems. However, efficient and successful project managers are able to defeat them both. In software project management, a project normally is a provisional attempt to produce an exclusive service or product. In addition, for the majority of IT people, everything is a project; on the other hand, others believe that projects are particular and high level tasks that happen occasionally. In fact, a project is an exclusive thing. Alternately, the formation of a new implementation is exclusive, while the preservation and everyday support of an existi ng application is not accordingly exclusive (Tomayko & Hallman, 1989; Luckey & Phillips, 2006). Moreover, a lot of researchers believe that project management is simply a set of a wide variety of tasks and activities that are distributed to a number of people by a responsible authority normally acknowledged as a project manager. Additionally, in efficient project management there is no space for goobers. In addition, the successful project management focuses on serious trade of receiving work performed on time, within allocated budget and according to client’s needs and requirements. Furthermore, the successful project management involves various other attributes such as leadership, execution and owning the project capacity. Also, it is an excellent response to sign off on the project and know that we and our project team play a significant role in the project’

Understanding Cultural Differences in Successful Global Businesses Essay

Understanding Cultural Differences in Successful Global Businesses - Essay Example Understanding Cultural Differences in Successful Global Businesses This paper shall discuss the thesis that understanding cultural differences is fundamental to success in global business. This paper shall first discuss the common differences apparent in various corporations and businesses. Secondly, it shall then review how corporations are dealing with these differences. Thirdly, a deeper understanding of cultural differences and how they impact on successful global businesses will be presented. Lastly, this essay will provide a summary and conclusion of the discussion. This article is being carried out in order to establish a clear and deeper understanding of globalization as well as the impact of cultural differences in relation to this phenomenon. Body In the current business context, cultural differences have a significant impact on the way businesses are carried out. Culture refers to shared values which impact on perceptions, attitudes, as well as responses. These qualities are very much apparent in the workplace and marketplace. Language is one of the main elements of culture and although English is considered the universal language, not all states speak it. Despite the universality of English however, corporations have sought to expand their language functionality, noting the marked increase in the number of languages being used in the business world, including Chinese, Spanish, and Japanese. For most international companies, most of them have understood that in order to be globally competent, they need to establish at least two versions of their websites. Japanese companies, for example, have adopted two versions of their websites – one in their native language and another one in English (Scholtens and Dam, 2007). Through these adjustments, these companies have managed to be accessible to their country and to the international community. Hofstede (1980) discusses how other elements of culture also impact on the effective globalisation of businesses. These elements include: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and long-term orientation. Power distance refers to the extent by which the less powerful m embers of society accept power (Hofstede, 1980). Cultures of Japan, Asian, and other Latin countries have high power distance relationships, however, this is low for the Nordic, Anglo, and German cultures (Robbins and Stylianou, 2008). Uncertainty avoidance is seen based on how people adjust to uncertainties, with some cultures having weak uncertainty avoidance and others having strong uncertainty avoidance. The Anglo and Nordic areas are known to have weak uncertainty avoidance, and the Latin, German, Asian, and Japan cultures have strong uncertainty avoidance (Robbins and Stylianou, 2008). As for individualism and collectivism, those which are individualistic are usually those who stick to rights of privacy and individual freedom; for those with collectivist cultures, their press is often controlled by the state and private lives are within public realms of interest (Robbins and Stylianou, 2008). Anglo, Nordic, Latin, and German cultures portray individualist qualities, while Asia n cultures have collectivist cultures. In relation to gender divisions, the masculine-dominated cultures are those which have aggressive and assertive males and have strong material success goals; on the other hand, feminine cultures tend to focus on preservation, conservation, and sympathy for the weak (Robbins and Styl

A historical perspective on the Western civilization Essay Example for Free

A historical perspective on the Western civilization Essay In our day, we instinctively associate Western Civilization with liberty, individualism and reason. However, liberal democracy is more recent phenomena. Many crucial aspects of the civilization of Western countries of today developed from the time of French and American revolutions. The nineteenth century laid a strong foundation to the twentieth century Western civilization. Before 1800 CE, however, the modern Western civilization was in many ways in formative stages. For example, the radical belief in human equality, under the premise that all men are born equal, was framed in the American constitution only in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. From its origins in the aftermath of the fall of Roman Empire to the beginning of the nineteenth century, Western Civilization had experienced two radically different phases, the one preceding Renaissance, and the one during and following Renaissance. The beginnings of the age of Renaissance mark a clear break from the Dark Ages in the thinking, attitudes and world-view of the people. The gradual emergence of logical and analytical thought, the blossoming of rational and a rigorously scientific world-view is a most unique phenomenon in the whole history of humanity. It is this most fundamental characteristic of the Western vivilization that has paved the way for technology and progress, creating the modern world. The outburst of rational thinking in Europe during the four hundred years from 1400–1800 CE is chiefly responsible for taking humanity to the next stage of evolution. It was the most defining period not only of Western vivilization, but of human civilization as such. Although there is a tremendous contrast between the Medieval Ages and the Age of Renaissance, it has come to the light of modern scholarship that the cultural achievements of the so-called Dark Ages in Europe, lasting for roughly thousand years between 400 1400 CE, have been many and varied. This period, particularly during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, has witnessed great cultural flourishing in its own right. Those times were not lacking in significant events and meaningful and though-enriching contributions to Western civilization. It is nevertheless justifiable to call them the Dark Ages, because, despite an interesting measure of cultural efflorescence, those periods were not marked by the freedom of the human mind, something that has become the quintessential characteristic of the Western civilization in more recent centuries. Most civilizations all the world over have witnessed an outburst of art and creativity at some period or other. However, except for Athens in the 5th century BC, Alexandria just before the commencement of Dark Ages, and Baghdad during 8th and 9th centuries A. D. , all of which had been stifled enterprises, no civilization in history of mankind launched a systematic and sustained quest into the reality of man and the natural world. It is this Socratic quest for knowledge, truth and meaning of human life that lies at the heart of the precious and unique phenomenon that the Western civilization is.

International Trade Structure

International Trade Structure Examine the International Trade Structure. Do you accept Krasners Argument for an Open Trade Regime? Address his Desire for a Hegemon. Now that todays world is more of a global village, international trade has become institutionalized not only by economic factors, but also non-economic factors. Trade is not solely based on commercial objectives rather politics also plays a dominant role in it. ‘Much of the international trade system both drives and reacts to national, political, fiscal and monetary policies (Hanink 1989: 268). As a result, there are new emerging problems and concerns that have come up in the international trading structures (Boger 1958: 1753). ‘The international system is anarchical†¦sovereign states are rational self-seeking actors resolutely if not exclusively concerned with relative gains (Krasner 1992: 39). Trade usually takes place keeping in view the classical principles of opportunity cost, factor endowment theory and comparative advantage where, ‘each country specializes in those branches of production in which it has a comparative advantage, or in other words produce those goods whose costs are relatively lowest (Ellsworth 1940: 286-287). However, the international trade system can best be regarded as a situation of prisoners dilemma under which the best outcome for an individual player is for that player to cheat by for instance imposing an optimal tariff, while the other player cooperates. However, if both players cheat, they will be worse off than if both had cooperated (Goldstein, Krasner 1984: 284). Experimental findings suggest that the winning strategy for this sort of a situation is the Tit for Tat strategy ‘in which the player cooperates on the first move and then does whatever the other player did on the preceding move (Goldstein, Krasner: 1984: 284). In their views, such a strategy is not meant to start a trade war rather its aim is to promote cooperation and freer trade (1984: 284). The prisoners dilemma depiction also ‘claims that a stable system of international free trade involves the supply of a public good. Such goods are joint in supply and non-excludable (Gowa 1989: 1245). This public good may be one or numerous depending upon the case. These public goods include political stability, regional stability, liberal economies etc. After the second World War the emphasis of the trade regime was to regulate all trade distortions. ‘Liberal rules, norms and procedures were to be adopted by states and patrolled by international organizations (Goldstein, Krasner 1984: 282). But in todays world, ‘the bulk of international trade takes place between the industrialized or rich countries. This pattern of trade is in contradiction to the factor endowment theory because trade is taking place between countries with similar, rather than dissimilar, factor (capital) endowments (Hanink 1988: 323). The international trade structure is also characterized by the hegemonic stability theory which ‘asserts that an open international trading regime is most likely where there is a single dominant power (Krasner 1992: 40). This view is held by Krasner, Gilpin, Kindelberger and Hirschman. ‘A hegemonic power creates a stable international order and the hegemons decline leads to global instability (Stein 1984: 355). The assumptions of this theory are that the international system is anarchical with nation-states being the dominant actors, the international market is a non-homeostatic market and the nation-states seek to maximize their absolute and relative gains from trade (Lake 1984: 149). It asserts that the hegemon has an incentive to see if the collective good is provided even if the hegemon alone has to bear the full burden of providing it. ‘The hegemonic leader will place a greater, absolute value upon a liberal international economy than others and, as a result, w ill undertake to stabilize the international economy and construct a strong regime (Lake 1984: 146). Because of the provision of public goods, the element of free riders exist. ‘Kindleberger argues that the international political economy will be stable only if a single leader is willing to assume responsibility for maintaining a relatively open market for distress goods; providing counter-cyclical long-term lending; and discounting in a crisis†¦the leader must also undertake to manage in some degree the structure of foreign exchange rates and provide a degree of coordination of domestic monetary policies (Lake 1984: 145). This theory asserts that only large states have the power, capabilities and the responsibility to lead the international economy. ‘A hegemonic leader will place greater absolute value upon a liberal international economy than others and, as a result, will undertake to stabilize the international economy and construct a strong regime in order to ac hieve this goal (Lake 1984: 146). So the hegemon will provide the public good of stability and security because its own benefits far exceed the costs that it has to bear. For the large nation, the larger its size is, the more willing it will be to opt for international stability because of its large relative and absolute gains from trade. ‘The free functioning of the international market is therefore assumed to concentrate wealth in nations of high productivity. Under this assumption highly productive nations will give free play to the functioning of the international market and will favor free trade because they enjoy disproportionate benefits from such trade (Lake 1984: 149). In the case of middle and smaller nations, they too will be in favor of such a system because they too will gain from the trade, although relatively less. ‘The incentives to cheat and become a free rider are great enough that any international regime which depends on collective provision is inherently unstable. Stability can only be assured when a hegemon both bears the cost of providing the collective good and extracts the support of others (Stein 1984: 356). But this theory has some loopholes as well. First, Krasner is concerned with regime formation and trade but he does not take historical context into account while explaining how the free trade regime is established. He mentions ‘that a hegemon uses inducements and force to create or maintain open markets but does not provide a sense of how this occurs (Stein 1984: 357). A hegemon cannot bring about a free trading regime, it can unilaterally lower its own tariffs but this by no means assert that it can create an international trading system of lower tariffs. Tariff bargains only leads to trade liberalization among major trading states. This leads to similar sort of nations trading with each other, especially the powerful trading with one another and the poor nations are discriminated against. ‘It can impose an open trading regime on weak countries, but this too does not create an open regime (Stein 1984: 358). This is evident from the fact that both in the 19th and the 20t h centuries, the hegemonic power accepted compromises but itself deviated from the free trade ideal. ‘The liberal trade regimes that emerged in both the centuries were founded on asymmetric bargains that permitted discriminations, especially against the hegemon. The agreement that lowered tariff barriers led not to free trade, but freer trade. In the process, they legitimated a great deal of mercantilism and protectionism (Stein 1984: 359). Great Britain and the United States had important political motives behind their economic concessions. Also, such economic orders created by trade agreements have been sub systemic rather than global since only some states became parties to such agreements and many were actually excluded from them. They did not even provide collective goods because the non signatory states could be excluded. Thus ‘the systems allowed for discrimination and exclusion, and cannot be considered to have provided a collective good (Stein 1984: 360). ‘The periods dubbed ‘free trade eras certainly saw years of rapid trade expansion, but they were hardly periods of free trade. Rather, they were periods of freer trade (Stein 1984: 383). There was severe discrimination against those outside the system and these systems were based on asymmetric tariff bargains characterized by dumping. Also in the process of evolution, international trade has become institutionalized and non economic factors have become relatively important in evaluating the consequences of changes in the relevant variants (Boger 1958: 1753). ‘Krasner suggests nations may also be interested in additional goals of social stability, political power and economic growth (Lake 1984:145).It is this dramatic change in the structure of the international trading system that has led to the creation of new problems and at the same time, more and different concerns. Although the hegemon does provide collective goods, it only promotes and creates liberal internat ional economic orders because of their own vested interests in open markets and not because of altruism (Stein 1984: 357). ‘The hegemon effectively changes the policies of others to satisfy its own goals†¦the leverage exerted by the hegemon may take many different forms including negative sanctions (threats), positive sanctions (rewards), the reconstructing of market incentives, ideological leadership or simply success worthy of emulation (Lake 1993: 469). So it thus proves that the hegemon will go to any length just to satisfy its own self interests. Bibliography Boger, L.L 1958 Discussion:Trading Problems in International Markets Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp 1753-1755 http://links.jstor.org/ Ellsworth, P.T 1940 A Comparison of International Trading Theories The American Economic Review, Vol.30, No.2, pp 285-289 http://links.jstor.org/ Goldstein, Judith L. and Krasner, Stephen P 1984 Unfair Trade Practices:The Case for a Differential Response The American Economic Review, Vol. 74, No.2 pp 282-287 http://links.jstor.org/ Gowa, Joanne 1989 Bipolarity, Multipolarity and Free Trade The American Political Science Review, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp 1245-1256 http://links.jstor.org/ Hanink, Dean M. 1989 Introduction:Trade Theories Scale and Structure Economic Geography Vol. 65, No. 4, pp 267-270 http://links.jstor.org/ Hanink, Dean M. 1988 An Extended Linder Model of International Trade Economic Geography Vol. 64, No. 4, pp 322-334 http://links.jstor.org/ Krasner, Stephen P. 1992 Realism, Imperialism and Democracy: A Response to Gilbert Political Theory Vol. 20, No. 1, pp 38-52 http://links.jstor.org/ Lake, David A. 1993 Leadership, Hegemony and the International Economy: Naked Emperor or Tattered Monarch with Potential? 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